Common misuse of words, Part 2
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Comments (19)Malcolm Manners, thank you for pointing out the distinction between the two names. I checked the internet and apparently "biological index" is the general term and the two subterms are herbaceous index and woody index. Davis in their 2004 web article "The Rose Clean Stock Program" use the term "biological index". I am interested in any literature comparing the 2 subterms for rose virus testing. I did find the following for Rubus: "Transmission to herbaceous indicators CRLV, ApMV, BRLV (and indeed TSV in general) can be transmitted by inoculation of sap to herbaceous test plants and can usually be detected in this way. Grind rapidly growing leaves from Rubus plants to be tested in a small volume of 2%, nicotine solution with a little celite as abrasive. Gently rub this sap extract on leaves of young, soft, rapidly growing plants of Chenopodium quinoa and/or Cucumis sativus. Keep test plants in aphid-proof glasshouses at about 20°C and observe for symptoms over about 3 weeks, Symptoms caused by these viruses in inoculated leaves should be apparent in 4-10 days. BRLV and ApMV are probably best detected in very young cucumber cotyledons, but all viruses should induce symptoms in C. quinoa. All four viruses should become systemic in C. quinoa, but some strains of tobacco streak virus (BRLV is a strain of TSV) are not systemic in this host. Woody indicators While the nepoviruses and ilarviruses could be detected by grafting Rubus to woody indicators, there is no purpose in doing so for the alternative methods are much superior. In the case of RLCV, however, this is the only method of detection. Graft scions of test Rubus plants to Rubus phoenicolasius (wineberry) which develops particularly severe symptoms. In general, R. idaeus can also be used. Symptoms may take 2-12 months to appear after graft inoculation. The two strains of RLCV (alpha and beta) are both detected." http://74.125.93.132/custom?q=cache:IolSYfkHYSoJ:archives.eppo.org/EPPOStandards/PM3_PROCEDURES/pm3-31-e.doc+rubus&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=google-coop ------------------------ "Rubus is a large genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae" from ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus ). Here is a link that might be useful: link for rubus indexing...See MoreMALVACEAE in Hawaii--Part 2
Comments (0)MALVACEAE (Mallow family) Part 2The Abutilons In a previous posting I spoke about the Hawaiian members that belong to the popular genus Hibiscus. There are several genera of the Family Malvaceae in Hawaii, including two endemic genera. The genera include Abutilon, Gossypium, Hibiscadelphus, Hibiscus, Kokia, Sida, Thespesia, and Waltheria. Please note: In this and following postings I will refer to all the Hawaiian Islands at times as "Hawaii," while the Big Island as Hawai'i. Notice the glottal stop, or 'okina, between the double-"i's" In this posting I will address, again briefly, another member of the Family Malvaceae (Mallow family)Âthe Abutilons. MaÂo, or Hoary abutilon (Abutilon incanum) is our only native abutilon species that is also found out side of the Hawaiian Islands. They are naturally found on all the islands except HawaiÂi (the Big Island). This is the smallest member of the Hawaiian abutilons and can found at lower elevations in dry areas such as Kaena Point and Barber's Point on O'ahu. Only pink-flowered forms are known from Hawaii. With no known Hawaiian name, the Hidden-petal abutilon (Abutilon eremitopetalum) is an unusual abutilon in that the small apple-green petals are nearly completely "hidden" within the fuzzy calyx (sepals). Only the red staminal column protrudes noticeably. They are extremely rare in the wild, but fortunately rather easy to cultivate. These hybridize easily with the next listed species, A. menziesii. the Hidden-petal abutilon is endemic to LânaÂi and a federally endangered species. KoÂoloa Âula (Abutilon menziesii) is closely related to the previously mentioned species. If grown too close together, they will readily hybridize. Best to make cuttings from these plants. Though the word Âula means "red" in Hawaiian, there are in fact many color variations of koÂoloa Âula. While maroon is perhaps the most common color, it can also be found in pink, salmon, yellow (blonde), maroon or pink with white, and a deep burgundy color. The long-lasting flowers make an impressive lei and it is a very special person that receives a koÂoloa Âula lei. A federally endangered species, koÂoloa Âula can be found on LânaÂi, east Maui, and HawaiÂi. They are possibly from OÂahu as well as there is a very limited wild population on the Ewa Plains. KoÂoloa Âula is becoming very popular in Hawaiian gardens perhaps because it is very easy to grow as a xeric plant and is easier to obtain in recent years. They propagate easily from seed or cuttings. The fourth species is Abutilon sandwicense. It has no known Hawaiian name. These have the largest flowers and leaves of the Hawaiian abutilons. The large yellow, sometimes maroon, flowers usually hang downwards. These federally endangered plants are only found in a few locations in the Waianae Mts. on OÂahu. But again they are easy to cultivate and make an attractive and unique addition to the garden. All the Hawaiian abutilons are easy to grow. They thrive in an open sunny area with a gentle breeze. They require very little water. In fact too much water can even reduce flower production. Abutilons also appreciate some fertilizer now and then, but be careful not to over do it because this can produce large floppy leaves and attract leave-chewing insects. They can be attacked by Chinese rose beetles, which create holes in the leaves. While this does not kill the plant outright, it can make them very unsightly. Planting them near or under a street lights can lessen the invasion. Systemic pesticides, such as Merit, can also be effective in controlling pests. Once established the abutilons will not need much care. Enjoy them and remember the koÂoloa Âula lei! To see photos of these plants visit http://ravenel.si.edu/botany/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/result2.cfm and http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/abutilon.htm...See MoreWhat unusual words are part of your vocabulary?
Comments (74)Lovely words today! I'd never heard slumgullion, ever! And there are recipes for it posted on the 'net! One that I love but isn't really common enough for general speech is obfusc. Even the dictionaries are unclear [teehee] on the word, though obfuscation is in general use. (Obfusc has a general meaning of murkily dark, though it has some kind of special meaning in music) Then there's subfusc, which means dully dark or dusky. Drab (in its coloration meaning) :) It is also what they call the academic dress at Oxford and other universities that have robes and uniforms. Arcane is particularly useful if your audience knows it, but it's not easily discerned from context. And an appropriate description of these words. :) Remonstrate Macerate Masticate Gesticulate Pseudobulb Syllabub Shortfall Windfall Deluge Disarticulate Disgorge...See Morevee_new
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