RESOLVED: Peppermint oil for patties
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losing the spider mite battle
Comments (34)I've been reading a lot on spider mites this week. There is another excellent thread on spider mite control here on gardenweb somewhere. The Cal Extension blog also just put out a blog about soap use on mites, and how it doesn't interrupt. I'm trying to find it. I'm with Patty on feeding plants really well -- spraying with chemicals makes me fear that I've undone all the good work souping up the the good microbes and critters in the soil. On the other hand, the Calif extension just blogged about soap use NOT interrupting the work of good arthropods, worms etc. Go figure. (Trying to find that link too.) Below is a study -- both worm castings and aerated compost tea from worm castings have reduced spider mites. SUPPRESSING PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES AND ARTHROPOD PESTS WITH VERMICOMPOST TEAS BioCycle December 2007, Vol. 48, No. 12, p. 38 Greenhouse trials confirm that the sooner a tea is used after it is brewed, the more effective it is in influencing plant growth and suppressing diseases. Part II Clive A. Edwards, Norman Q. Arancon, Eric Emerson and Ryan Pulliam PRODUCTION and use of aqueous extracts of thermophilic composts and vermicomposts, commonly termed teas, has expanded rapidly in the last two to three years, particularly since there is now a range of commercial tea brewing equipment available that can produce large or small quantities of teas. Unfortunately, there are relatively few published scientific studies which have reviewed the methods of production and uses of compost or vermicompost teas, optimal dilutions or application rates. These teas have been used extensively, particularly by organic gardeners and farmers, to promote plant growth by application to soils as drenches, and to suppress plant diseases by soil or foliar sprays. These uses are still increasing as their methods of application and effectiveness are gradually being established. Research in our laboratory at The Ohio State University has shown clearly that some form of agitation or aeration during production of vermicompost teas is necessary, if the teas are to be effective in promoting crop growth and suppressing pests and diseases. We have research under way into the shelf-life of vermicompost teas under different temperatures and in a range of containers. We have demonstrated the transport of microbial activity and diversity, key nutrients, and enzymatic activity from solid vermicomposts into teas. Additionally, all our experience of the use of teas in greenhouse trials has confirmed that the sooner a vermicompost tea is used after it is brewed, the more effective it is in influencing plant growth and in suppressing pests and diseases. We have tested vermicompost teas extracted from vermicomposts produced from a range of animal manures such as pig or cattle wastes, as well as paper and food wastes, and all have been effective in promoting plant growth and disease suppression, independent of nutrient supply. After many laboratory and greenhouse trials, we decided that the optimal quantities of solid vermicomposts to water ratios were: 1:5 (20 percent), 1:10 (10 percent) and 1:20 (5 percent). EFFECTS OF VERMICOMPOST TEAS ON PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES We have demonstrated clearly that solid vermicomposts can suppress plant parasitic nematodes in the field (Arancon et al. 2003). Our experiments on the effects of vermicompost teas on nematodes were in the laboratory and greenhouse, in soils that had been artificially infested with the root knot of nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), which is a very serious pest of a wide range of crops all over the world. Six-week-old tomato seedlings were transplanted into 10 cm diameter pots containing a sand and loam (1:3 ratio) soil mixture to which the test tea treatments were applied. Drench treatments of teas were applied at seedling transplanting, and every two weeks thereafter. One week after transplanting 10,000 Meloidogyne hapla eggs were added to each plant pot in suspension in tap water. The eggs were collected from cultures maintained on infested tomato plants. Each treatment was replicated four times. Pots into which tomato plants had been transplanted were arranged on benches in a completely randomized design and the greenhouse was maintained at 25°C. Plants were watered regularly with tempered line water. Thirty days after infestation with nematodes, soil was removed from the pots and the roots were washed to assess the extent of root damage and the numbers of root knots. The washed roots were rated for numbers of root knot galls and the numbers of galls per unit wet weight of roots counted. The effects of the nematodes on plant height were determined by growth measurements, including heights, leaf areas, fresh and the dry weights of leaves from plant tops and the dry weights of all above-ground tissues at the end of the experiment. The relative growth of the tomato plants in response to the nematode infestations, after 30 days, are illustrated in Figure 1. The differences in growth between treatments, in response to the vermicompost teas were spectacular, and the reductions in numbers of root knot galls on the tomato roots in response to the vermicompost tea applications was considerable (Figures 2 and 3). These effects of vermicompost teas on plant parasitic nematode attacks were very similar to those in experiments that used solid vermicompost substituted into Metro-Mix 360 in the greenhouse (Arancon et al. 2003). EFFECTS OF VERMICOMPOST TEAS ON ARTHROPOD PESTS We have shown that solid vermicomposts can suppress spider mite, mealy bug and aphid populations in the field (Arancon et al. 2007). For our preliminary experiments into the suppression of arthropod pests by vermicompost teas, we chose two important groups of plant pests, aphids and spider mites. For the spider mite experiments, four tomato plants were placed into each 0.2 mm mesh cage (40 cm x 30 cm x 30), and 100 two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus sp.) were released into each infested cage, with four replicate cages for each treatment. The plants were treated with either water (control), aerated thermophilic 20 percent compost tea, or aerated 5 percent, 10 percent, or 20 percent vermicompost tea, produced from food waste vermicompost. The damage to the plants in these cages was assessed on a damage rating of 0 (no damage) to 5 (100 percent damage), eight days after pests were introduced into the cages. There were four replicate cages with no spider mite infestations, in order to assess any changes in leaf weights caused by the spider mite infestations. Because spider mites are so small we did not count them, instead we assessed the amounts of the distinct damage that they caused to the plants. All three soil application rates of vermicompost teas decreased the amounts of damage by the spider mites compared with the water control significantly (P < 0.05). By comparison the traditional thermophilic compost tea had no significant effect on the spider mite damage. We used the same experimental protocol in experiments on aphids. In these experiments, 100 aphids (Myzus persicae) were released onto four tomato plants, in each of the cages infected with aphids. A set of cages that had no aphid infestations was used to assess any changes in leaf weights caused by the aphids. The numbers of aphids on each plant were counted 13 days after infestation. The results are summarized in Figure 4. Clearly, all three dilutions of aerated vermicompost teas suppressed the aphid populations significantly (P < 0.05) compared with the water control treatment whereas the aerated thermophilic compost tea had no significant effects on the aphid populations. These results on the suppression of aphids and spider mites by vermicompost teas were very similar to those obtained from growing plants in the greenhouse in Metro Mix 360, substituted with a range of solid vermicomposts (Arancon et al. 2007). The suppression of aphids is particularly important since they are key vectors in the transmission of plant viruses. It seems clear that there is a good potential for suppression of arthropod pests by both vermicomposts and vermicompost teas using methods very acceptable to organic growers and farmers. The authors are in the Soil Ecology Laboratory at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. FURTHER READING Arancon, N.Q., Yardim, E., Edwards, C.A., Lee, S., 2003. The Trophic diversity of nematode communities in soils treated with vermicomposts. Pedobiologia 47, 736-740. Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Oliver, T.J., Byrne, R.J. 2007 Suppression of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), mealy bugs (Pseudococcus) and aphid (Myzus persicae) populations and damage by vermicomposts. Crop Protection 26, 26-39....See Moremost effective deer repellent - please vote
Comments (9)Birdgardner, put a few drops of Dawn in your homemade solution - it will help the product to stick. I LOVE Deer Scram. However, I don't put it down as instructed 'cause I think that's wasteful. I sprinkle over the plants from which I want the deer to stay away. Admittedly, when I first started to use Deer Scram I did put down two lines across a deer path and it did seem to keep them from using that path - but that was an experiment and now I use the sprinkle method. You also don't get the smell with the "sprinkle" method. I find it works about 6 weeks. There is a lot of new growth on the native shrubs back in the wet area of my property where I have used Deer Scram and the wild currents have blooms and berries - they used to be eaten to the ground by the deer but are now left alone. On shrubs, I use Deer Stopper on anything tall - up to 4 or 5 feet. That, too, seems to work for several weeks....See MoreDessert Ideas for St. Patty's Day
Comments (13)~~Irish Bread Pudding with Caramel-Whiskey~~ Bread Pudding: 1/4 cup light butter, melted 1 10-ounce French baguette, cut into 1-inch-thick slice s ½ cup raisins 1/4 cup Irish whiskey or apple juice 1 3/4 cups 1 percent milk 1 cup plus 1 tablespoon granulated sugar (divided) 1 tablespoon vanilla 1 12-ounce can evaporated nonfat milk 2 eggs, lightly beaten 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon Caramel-Whiskey Sugar: 1½ cups granulated sugar 2/3 cup water 1/4 cup light butter 1/4 cup light cream cheese (2 ounces) 1/4 cup Irish whiskey* 1/4 cup 1 percent milk To Make Bread Pudding: Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Brush melted butter on one side of bread slices, and place bread, buttered sides up, on a baking sheet. Bake for 10 minutes or until lightly toasted. Cut bread into ½-inch cubes and set aside. Combine raisins and whiskey in a small bowl; cover and let stand 10 minutes or until soft (do not drain). Combine 1 percent milk, 1 cup sugar, vanilla, evaporated nonfat milk and eggs in a large bowl; stir well with a whisk. Add bread cubes and raisin mixture, pressingly gently to moisten; let stand 15 minutes. Spoon bread mixture into a 13-by-9-inch baking dish coated with nonstick cooking spray. Combine remaining 1 tablespoon sugar and t he cinnamon; sprinkle over pudding. Bake at 350 degrees for 35 minutes or until set. Serve warm with Caramel-Whiskey Sauce. To Make Sauce; Combine sugar and water in a small heavy saucepan over medium high heat; cook until golden (do not stir). Remove from heat. Carefully add butter and cream cheese, stirring constantly with a whisk (mixture will be hot and bubble vigorously). Cool slightly, and stir in whisky and milk. Make 1½ cups. * Substitute 1 tablespoon imitation rum extract and 3 tablespoons water for the Irish whiskey, if desired. Serves 12...See MoreWho remembers Cockeyed Cake?
Comments (14)We used to make these on card playing evenings back in the 50Âs and 60Âs before anyone worried about using too much oil etc. Never heard of the chocolate covered peppermint patties on top We just ate as is if I remember correctly...See More- 5 years ago
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