Yes, if you have not exposed the root to the air too long. Those roots actually look pretty healthy. Just be sure to let the tree rest in part sun for a bit until it perks up.

Yes, it will grow just fine :-) My first defense for aphids on any plant is to blast them off with water. Or if still a tiny plant or seedling, I just use my fingers to squish them off. My next resort would be insecticidal soap.

You asked about what is causing the lines. Are the lines there all the time? Did they just recently appear? Were they there when you bought the house? Have you just had your roof replaced? Is it all sides of the roof that do that? I see patterns on the roofs of my neighbors when we have a frost or snow where the heat rises up and melts the frozen precipitation between the joists and makes lines that run laterally up the roof. But, that is not all the time. I have never seen a roof do that. They sure do look perfectly symmetrical! I am going to suggest that it is the work of aliens who are signaling a safe place to land their alien spaceships. Who else could get as perfectly symmetrical as that?

We had a similar issue. I live in NJ. Our home is 30 years old. We had lots of cracks around our staircase area and entrance to our living room. Prior to painting the entire inside of our home, my husband and I carefully gouged out the cracks and uneven surfaces. We used spackle for the small cracks, and auto Bondo for larger cracks and uneven areas, then sanded and primed the areas, prior to painting. We spent hours doing this. We learned about Bondo, when we had our kitchen and 3 bathrooms renovated a few years ago. Our experieced carpenter recommended we use auto Bondo to repair large cracks and uneven surfaces. My husband was quite familiar with Bondo, as he restored lots of autos. Well years later, all our restored areas still look great! I mentioned the Bondo, for anyone fixing large cracks.