Here's a quick snynopsis I already had posted followed by the charts some folks might have great interest in. I scanned the pages so it's sort of chunked together and some spelling mistakes may occur that I'm unaware of as I did need to edit the "superscripts" as they did not jive in, format.

Regards,

Dax

I'm examining a new book for me called 'Conifer Cold Hardiness' and the basic overall synopsis is that tissue of buds and wood needs to be hardened off before it is subjected to "winter winds." Furthermore, a chart is listed for cold hardiness and Sequoiadendron giganteum falls into a maximum threshold of -4 F or -20 C (USDA Zone 7) for this particular Genus. This book will help me to elminate the barbaric USDA zonal system.

I already have in my hands and from Stanley and Sons (2) Sequoiadendron cultivars which they call 'zone 5' and I'm going to try them out here myself, but this doesn't look very promising according to this literature. At best, these babies need a lot of protection. I still have a lot to read yet, but here are notes and a conclusion from this book:

"Conifers exist in a wide range of climatic zones with the highest number of species being found in temperate zones. Some coiferous families (Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Taxaceae) are distributed over a wide range of climatic zones, whereas others (Cephalotaxaceae, Arauariaceae, Podocarpacae) are absent from colder zones. Southern Hemisphere conifers inhabit only the warmest climatic zones and their measured maximum from resistances are less than those of species from the equivalent zones in the Norther Hemisphere.

Laboratory-determined maximum frost resistances of hardened cut shoots and leaves of conifers are strongly correlated with their climatic zones of origin, but their measured resistances exceed the air temperature limits of their climatic zones. Conifers from the coldest climatic zones tend to have buds with frost resistances that are equal or less than those of their leaves, whereas conifers from warmer climatic zones tend to have buds with frost resistances that are equal or greater than those of their leaves. Factors other than the maximum frost resistance of conifers should be examined to obtain a fuller understanding of conifer distribution."

So origin as well as "meaured resistances" can further play into account, a tree that is supposedly a "strict" (USDA zone 7) with varying hardiness.

Thus taking into account "latitude and altitude". This book furhtermore says:

"(This chapter) has concentrated on the association of maximum frost resistance, trypically of ellaves and shoots of trees, with climatic zone and shown that the two are well correlated. Consequently, trees are unlikely to be damaged in winter and will be most susceptible to damage by unseasonal frosts in autumn (when the plants are hardening), spring (when the plants are (dehardening) and summer (when frost resistance is minimal). Frost resistance varies with both age and developmental stage so that seedlings and newly formed tissues are frequently less froost hardy than trees and hardened tissues. Seasonal hardening of tissues is associated with marked changes in frost resistance (e.g. Repo 1992; Sutinen et al. 1992). Shortening photoperiods and lowered temperatures are associated with increased frost resistance (e.g. Greer and Warrington 1982) while lengthening photoperiods and, in particular, warmer temperatures cause rapid dehardeining (e.g. Greer and Stanley 1985; leinonen et al. 1997).

Distributional limits may not be set by the frost resistance of leaves and buds but by the effects of temperature, and other factors, on reproductive structures and their ability to set see, and upon the survival and maturation of seedlings. A fuller understanding of the distributional limits of conifers would need to consider such factors in greater detail."

P. Bannister and G. Neuner (page) 13

APPENDIX

Table of species arranged by USDA climatic zone. Values for experimentally determined

frost resistances (C, maximum of leaf or bud) are given in parentheses with source indicated by superscript.

Zone 1 (Abies sibirica (-7O)g

Lanx gmelinii (-70)j

Larix russica (-l20)j

Picea obovata (-70)g

Pinus cembra (-90)j

Pinus pumila (-90)j

Zone 2 (-40 to -45.6°C)

Abies balsamea (-196)l

Larix laricina (-120)j

Pinus albicaulis

Pinus banksiana (-196)l

Picea glauca (-80)l

Pinus sylvestris (-90)j

Picea jezoensis (-7O)g

Thuja occidentalis (-196)l

Picea mariana (-80)l

Abies nephrolepis (-70)g

Zone 3 (-34.4 to -39.9°C)

Picea pungens (-80)l

Abies veitchii (-7O)g

Picea rubens (-70)j

Juniperus communis (-60)g

Pinus aristata (-90)j

Juniperus davurica

Pinus flexilis

Juniperus sabina

Pinus koraiensis (-90)j

Juniperus scopulorum

Pinus mugo (-90)j

Larix lyallii

Pinus resinosa (-80)l

Microbiota decussata

Pinus strobus (-196)l

Picea engelmannii(-70)l

Zone 4 (-28.9 to -34.3°C)

Abies alba (-30)j

Larix kaempfeti (-40) (spelling as is shown)j

Abies concolor (-80)l

Larix occidentalis (-40)l

Abies fraseri (-30)j

Larix principis-rupprechtii (-55)j

Abies homolepis (70)i

Picea abies (-50)j

Abies nordmanniana (-30)j

Picea alpestris

Ginkgo biloba (-30)f

Picea glehnii (-70)l

Juniperus chinensis (-25)g

Picea schrenkiana

Juniperus horizontalis

Pinus Longaeva

Juniperus monosperma (-25)g

Pinus monticola (-90)j

Juniperus pseudosabina

Pinus ponderosa (-40)l

Juniperus sargentii

Pinus rigida (-70)j

Juniperus semiglobosa

Taxus canadensis

Juniperus virginiana (-25)g

Tsuga canadensis (-60)l

Larix decidua (-70)j

Tsuga mertensiana (-25)l

(page)14 Conifer Cold Hardiness

Zone 5 (-23.3 to 28.8°C)

Abies amabilis (-30)l Picea crassifolia

Abies cephalonica Picea koyamai (-70)i

Abies cilicica Picea neoveitchii

Abies holophylla (-25)j Picea omorika

Abies koreana Picea orientalis (-25)g

Abies lasiocarpa (-80)l Picea purpurea

Abies magnifica Picea wilsonii

Abies procera (-7O)g Pinus balfouriana

Abies sachalinensis (-70)g Pinus bungeana (-30)g

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (-40)l Pinus densiflora (-60)g

Chamaecyparis thyoides Pinus edulis

Juniperus conferta Pinus heldreichii

Juniperus occidentalis Pinus nigra (-40)g

Juniperus osteosperma Pinus parviflora (-30)j

Juniperus rigida Pinus peuce (-90)j

Juniperus squarnata (-25)g Pinus tabulaeformis

Larix potaninii (-20)fg Platycladus orientalis (Thuja koraiensis given)

Metasequoia glyptostroboides (-3O)f Tsuga diversifolia (70)i

Picea alcoquiana (-40)i

Zone 6 (-17.8 to 23.2°C)

Abies beshanzuensis Picea balfouriana

Abies borisii-regis Picea breweriana

Abies bommuelleriana Picea torano (-30)i

Abies chensiensis (-20)g Pinus densata

Abies fargesii Pinus echinata

Abies firma (-30)g Pinus monophylla

Abies grandis (-30)l Pinus pungens

Abies kawakamii Pinus thunbergii (-40)i

Abies mariesii (-70)i Pinus virginiana

Abies numidica Pinus x schwerinii

Abies pinsapo Platycladus orientalis

Abies recurvata Pseudolarix amabilis (-25)f

Abies squamata Taxodium distichum (-30)f

Abies yuanbaoshanensis Taxus baccata (-21)d

Cedrus brevifolia Taxus brevifolia

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (-20)j Taxus chinensis

Chamaecyparis obtusa (-30)j Taxus cuspidata

Chamaecyparis pisifera (-20)j Thuja plicata (-30)l

Cryptomeriajaponica (-25)i Thuja standishii (-30)i

P Bannister and G Neuner (page)15

CupressusxCupressocyparis notabilis Thuja sutchuenensis

Juniperus excelsa Thujopsis dolabrata (-30)i

Juniperus komarovii Tsuga caroliniana

Juniperus przewalskii Tsuga chinensis

Juniperus tibetica Tsuga heterophylla (-40)l

Juniperus wallichiana Tsuga sieboldii (-25)i

Picea asperata

Zone 7 (-12.2 to -17.7°C)

Abies bracteata Keteleeria davidiana (-20)f

Abies chengii Larix griffithiana (-20)i

Abies delavayi (-20)g Larix himalaica

Abies fabri Larix mastersiana

Abies forrestii Lepidothamnus fonkii

Abies gamblei Lepidothamnus laxifolius (-13)k

Abies nebrodensis Libocedrus uvifera

Abies spectabilis (-22)g Picea maximowiczii (-20)j

Abies vejari Picea sitchensis (-40)

Abies ziyuanensis Picea smithiana (-22)g

Calocedrus decurrens Pinus armandii

Cedrus atlantica Pinus attenuata

Cedrus libani Pinus ayacahuite

Cephalotaxus fortunei Pinus brutia

Cephalotaxus harringtonia (-25)i Pinus contorta (-80)l

Cephalotaxus sinensis Pinus cooperi

Cunninghamia lanceolata (-13)f Pinus culminicola

Cupressus arizonica (-20)c Pinus gerardiana

Cupressus arizonica var. glabra Pinus henryi

Cupressus bakeri Pinus hwangshanensis

Cupressus chengiana Pinus lambertiana

Cupressus sempervirens (-16)c Pinus massoniana

Cupressus x Cupressocyparis leylandii Pinus taeda (-25)l

Cupressus x Cupressocyparis ovensii Podocarpus lawrencii (-22)h

Halocarpus bidwillii (-23)h Podocarpus macrophyllus (-13)f

Juniperus ashei Podocarpus nivalis (-22)h

Juniperus convallium Podocarpus nubigenus

Juniperus drupacea Pseudotsuga japonica (-25)i

Juniperus erythrocarpa Pseudotsuga menziesii (-40)l

Juniperus macropoda Sequoiadendron giganteum (-20)l

Juniperus monticola Taxodium ascendens

Juniperus morrisonicola Torreya califomica

Juniperus oxycedrus Torreya fargesii

(page) 16 Conifer Cold Hardiness

Juniperus pinchotii Torreya nucifera

Juniperus recurva var. coxii

Zone 8 (-6.7 to -12.1°C)

Abies colimensis Picea chihuahuana

Abies densa Picea farreri

Abies durangensis Picea likiangensis (-25)g

Abies hickeli Picea martinezii

Abies mexicana Picea morrisonicola

Abies pindrow Picea spinulosa

Abies religiosa (-20)g Pinus arizonica

Araucaria araucana Pinus cembroides

Athrotaxis cupressoides (-20) h Pinus coulteri

Athrotaxis selaginoides (-17)h Pinus discolor

Austrocedrus chilensis Pinus durangensis

Cathaya argyrophylla Pinus engelmannii

Cedrus deodara (-23)c Pinus glabra

Cephalotaxus lanceolata Pinus greggii (-15)g

Cephalotaxus oliveri Pinus halepensis (-20)c

Cephalotaxus wilsoniana Pinus hartwegii (-20)g

Chamaecyparis formosensis Pinus jeffreyi (-30)l

Chamaecyparis taiwanensis Pinus johannis

Cupressus abramsiana Pinus luniholtzii

Cupressus duclouxiana Pinus morrisonicola

Cupressus funebris Pinus muricata

Cupressus gigantea Pinus nelsonii

Cupressus goveniana Pinus palustris (-20)l

Cupressus himalaica Pinus patula (-15)g

Cupressus macnabiana Pinus pinaster (-25)g

Cupressus macrocarpa (-14)m Pinus pinea (-16)c

Cupressus sargentii Pinus quadrifolia

Cupressus torulosa Pinus radiata (-19)b

Diselma archeri (-15)h Pinus remota

Fitzroya cupressoides Pinus rudis

Fokienia hodginsii Pinus sabiniana

Glyptostrobus pensilis (-20)f Pinus serotina

Halocarpus biformis (-l3)k Pinus strobiformis

Juniperus blancoi Pinus taiwanensis

Juniperus californica Pinus teocote

Juniperus deppeana Pinus torreyana

Juniperus durangensis Pinus veitchii

Juniperus flaccida Pinus wallichiana (-35)j

P. Bannister and G. Neuner (page)17

Juniperus foetidissima Pinus wangii

Juniperus formosana Pinus yunnanensis

Juniperus procumbens Podocarpus hallii (-13)k

Juniperus saltillensis Podocarpus salignus

Juniperus saltuaria Prumnopitys andina

Juniperus silicicola Pseudotaxus chienii

Juniperus standleyi Pseudotsuga guinieri

Juniperus thurifera Pseudotsuga macrocarpa

Keteleeria evelyniana Pseudotsuga sinensis

Lagarostrobus colensoi (-13)k Pseudotsuga wilsoniana

Lagarostrobus franklinii (-8)e Saxegothaea conspicua

Larix speciosa Sciadopitys verticillata

Lepidothamnus intermedius Sequoia sempervirens (-15)l

Libocedrus bidwillii (-13)h Taxus globosa

Libocedrus plumosa (-7)k Taxus mairei

Microcachrys tetragona (-17)k Taxus wallichiana

Microstrobos fitzgeraldii Torreya grandis

Microstrobus niphophilus Torreyajackii

Nageia nagi Torreya yunnanensis

Nothotsuga longibracteata Tsuga dumosa

Phyllocladus alpinus (-22)h Tsuga forrestii

Picea brachytyla (-18)g

Zone 9 (-1.1 to -6.6°C)

Abies flinckii Nageia wallichiana

Abies guatemalensis Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (-12)e

Agathis australis (-7)k Phyllocladus trichomanoides (-10)k

Amentotaxus argotaenia Pinus amamiana (-13)i

Amentotaxus assamica Pinus apulcensis

Amentotaxus formosana Pinus bhutanica

Amentotaxus yunnanensis Pinus californiarum

Araucaria angustifolia Pinus canariensis

Araucaria bidwillii (-10)h Pinus clausa (-15)g

Araucaria heterophylla (-5)h Pinus devoniana

Callitris endlicheri (-8)h Pinus elliottii (-25)l

Callitris glaucophylla Pinus fenzeliana

Callitris oblonga (-10)h Pinus gordoniana

Callitris rhomboidea Pinus kesiya (-10)g

Calocedrus formosana Pinus Ieiophylla

Calocedrus macrolepis Pinus luchuensis (-15)i

Cephalotaxus griffithii Pinus montezumac

Cephalotaxus hamanensis Pinus oaxacana

(page)18 Conifer Cold Hardiness

Cephalotaxus mannii Pinus oocarpa (-10)g

Cunninghamia konishii (-25)f Pinus pinceana

Cupressus guadalupensis Pinus praetermissa

Cupressus lusitanica Pinus pringlei

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (-7)h Pinus pseudostrobus (-8)i

Dacrydium cupressinum (-8)h Pinus roxburghii

Halocarpus kirkii Podocarpus matudae

Juniperus bermudiana Podocarpus totara (-7)i

Juniperus brevifolia Prumnopitys ferrugmea (-10)i

Juniperus cedrus Prumnopitys taxifolia

Juniperus phoenicea Taiwania cryptomerioides (-15)g

Juniperus procera Taxodium mucronatum

Juniperus taxifolia Taxus floridana

Keteleeria forturiei Torreya taxifolia

LibocedrusyateensiS Widdringtonia cedarbergensi

Nageia fleuryi Widdringtonia nodiflora

Zone 10 (-1 to +4.4°C)

Acmopyle pancheri Papuacedrus arfakensis

Acmopyle sahniana Papuacedrus papuana

Actinostrobus acuminatus Parasitaxus ustus

Actinostrobus arenarius Phyllocladus glaucus

Actinostrobus pyramidalis Phyllocladus hypophyllus

Afrocarpus falcata Pinus caribaea (-l0)g

Afrocarpus gracilior Pinus chiapensis

Afrocarpus mannii Pinus dalatensis

Afrocarpus usambarensis Pinus densa

Araucaria balansae Pinus herrerai

Araucana columnaris Pinus krempfii

Araucaria cunninghamii (-5)h Pinus lawsonii (-10)g

Araucaria hunsteinii Pinus maximartinezii

Araucaria rulei Pinus inaximinoi

Austrotaxus spicata Pinus merkusii (-10)g

Callitris baileyi Pinus occidentalis

Callitris canescens Pinus rzedowskii

Callitris columellaris Pinus tropicalis

Callitris drummondii Podocarpus coriaceus

Callitris intratropica Podocarpus drouynianus

Callitris macleayana Podocarpus elatus

Callitris monticola Podocarpus elongatus

Callitris neocaledonica Podocarpus henkelii

Callitris preissii Podocarpus lambertii

P. Bannister and G. Neuner (page)19

Callitris roei Podocarpus latifolius

Callitris sulcata Podocarpus longifoliolatus

Callitris verrucosa Podocarpus neriifolius

Dacrycarpus imbricatus Podocarpus oleifolius

Dacrydium araucarioides Podocarpus spinulosus

Dacrydium beccarii Prumnopitys ferruginoides

Dacrydium elatum Pruninopitys ladei

Dacrydium gibbsiae Pruninopitys montana

Dacrydium novo-guineense Prunmopitys standleyi

Falcatifolium falciforme Retrophyllum minor

Falcatifolium taxoides Retrophyllum rospigliosi

Juniperus barbadensis Retrophyllum vitiense

Libocedrus austro-caledonica Sundacarpus amarus

Libocedrus chevalieri Tetraclinis articulata

Neocallitropsis pancheri Widdringtonia schwartzi

Zone 11 (>+4.4°C)

Podocarpus dispermus

(a) Benedefta 1972;

(b)Greer and Warrington 1982;

(c) Larcher 1970;

(d) Pisek et al. 1967;

(e)Read and

Hill 1988;

(f)Sakai 1971;

(g)Sakaj 1983;

(h) Sakai et al. 1981;

(i)ÂSakai and Kurahashi 1975;

(j) Sakai

and Okada 1971;

(k) Sakai and Wardle 1978;

(l)Sakai and Weiser 1973;

(m)Stanley and Warrington 1988.

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SOURCE:

Francine J. Bigras and Stephen J. Colombo (Eds.); ÂConifer Cold HardinessÂ; Kluwer Academic Pulishers, Netherlands; ISBN: 0-7923-6636-0; 2001