In that window, to make it work for your husband and you and allow you to control the light, I would use wooden blinds that match the trim (and a shade lighter if you can't make it exact) with attractive tapes. I'd use very light-weight ones, and use the widest slats I could make fit, because it takes fewer of the wider ones per shade, which means that they stack up higher when you pull them all the way up. If that is appealing to you, from what I can see, you will need to add a header from which to hang them, so that they will clear the windows when open. That can be masked with molding stained to match. Some blinds have valances of molding available to match. And it also means measuring carefully from side to side, based on the spot at the top where they would hang, because every additional bit of distance out from the window means their width might have to be reduced a bit, so they will clear each other at the inside corners. (Am I making that part clear?) For the safety of your children, whatever treatment you choose, think about how to corral the cords so they can't get tangled in them.

You want to center around the most prominent and proximate feature, which, in this case is the window. Center the table and the light around the window. What happens on either side of the window won't matter as it is already different...in width, in door placement. Strict symmetry is only for a very formal space, which this is not; or often an aid for novices who don't yet trust their eye to create balance through massing and scale. Go to houzz.com and look at some kitchens with tables...if you look closely, you'll see a lot that is far from perfect symmetry or balance, but it all works together. For example, this kitchen...the table is not centered on the island, the island lights are not centered relative to the table, but they are over the island... and the dining light is centered over the dining table....each is appropriate to its own space.

Would a rod stick out enough to go over the molding and sill, or would curtains look kind of bent where they hang over the molding? Personally, I love plain white linen curtains like your last picture. Another option, light filtering shades, http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/products/70314592/ However, they don't offer complete privacy at night.

Have you thought about bottom up top down pleated blinds or honeycomb shades? Minimal in design and able to install as inside mount to a shallow depth of only 1/2 inch. Here are some client pictures and how they solved their bay window challenge.