Depends on how hard you pruned, but I'd suspect that all you've done is just set back growth some. Unfortunately, the size and maturity of a climbing hydrangea have a huge impact on its tendency to bloom.

Personally, I'd continue to grow it on in a container for awhile - small, little starts can too easily get overlooked or overwhelmed when planted directly in the ground. Wait until doubled in size?

Oh, thank you so much GardenGal! This is my 3rd attempt to grow one of these and I do have the ideal outside space for it to go into eventually.
However, I love the idea of leaving it in a pot for a while. Right now it is in a 1gal pot. Do you have a recommendation for the size to transplant it into? Also, would you stake it in the pot?
I so appreciate your advice. I just love this beautiful hydrangea and so want this one to be successful...in spite of my carelessness.

Pot up as needed. You want to make sure the plant does not become overly root bound. Typically you will just pot up to the next larger size, so a 1G to a 2 or 3G. And yes, you do want to stake the primary growth stem. Otherwise it will tend to bend over on itself and when the wood ripens and becomes stiff, you will have a mounding groundcover rather than a climber :-))