Using a tiller produces a finer grade of particle which seems fine when planting but it also means that when it settles and it will it packs more tightly; therefore your garden/yard soil will pack harder even if one never walks on it. Many people keep saying you never have to go deeper than x inches which means x inches of soil is worked and worked and worked and worked and worked till it is devoid of any natural material it once had. My gardens, combined, are only approx. fifty by sixty feet plus or minus but I usually every year dig at least one, more often two, holes approx. four by four, plus or minus at least sixteen inches deep and bury plant debri plus kitchen wastes and what ever I have in those holes to keep the sub-soil as rich as possible. The soil that was in the bottom of these holes also becomes the new top soil. Of late I have been shallow planting my potatoes but when I deep plant they are a minimum of eight inches deep and I do not want them sitting on pathetic sub-soil. No matter what some may say, especially those who use raised gardens and do not deal with the natural soil, rippers or sub-soil machines were developed for a reason. If you can get richer sub-soil, DO it, you only gain, you will lose nothing. Do not forget some trees have deep tap roots and the entire root area of others is very shallow which can be seen when they blow over.

Hi Everybody,,,Funny you should talk about composting. I'm in a master gardener program in my county right now and just yesterday our lecture was all about soils, fertilizers and composting. Here are some helpful hints to "correct" or trouble shoot your compost heap if these things occur. Problem: Cause: Ammonia smell: Too many greens Solution: Add more browns,mix and turn Pile has rotten odor 1.too wet 2.pile compacted 3. food scraps exposed Solution: mix in browns 2.turn pile to aerate 3.bury food scraps in middle of pile Pile doesn't heat up - low temp 1.Not enuf greens 2.not enuf air 3. lack of moisture 4. pile too small Solution: mix in greens, 2.turn pile more frequently 3. add small amounts of water 4.Build pile to be (symbold is the "v" turned so that the open mouth is on the left, don't which character to use on keyboard) greater than 1 cubic yard. Pile attracting flies or rodents Attracted by food remains Solution: Don't use meats or fat, bury fruit/veg scraps. This all comes from the Univ of Calif Cooperative Extension. There isn't a website for this brochure but there is a hotline that will answer your questions at ucmastergardeners@yahoo.com,,,,Hope this helps. Nicole Just a great program!! I'm lucky to have one of the choosen.... :)

You have to keep reminding yourself that this won't be a quick project. Since you're starting from scratch on a difficult area, I'd guess this will take several years of trial and error to get a look you're happy with. The stepping areas and feeders/birdbath are great ideas. There isn't much point in adding a lot of mulch to an area that you're not ready to plant yet - certainly add an inch or two, if you think it'll stay there. It will break down and the soil will be better when you get to planting the area, but until you get some rooted plants into that area the new soil and the mulch will erode a bit. I wouldn't pull up the weeds - their roots will help stabilize the area until you're ready to tackle it. You can dump some mulch on them and it'll help kill off the bits growing above ground without removing the roots. If you spray with Round Up (might not be allowed anymore in Halifax area?) that will kill off the weeds without removing the roots, but... Round Up takes a few days to a few weeks to break down, and you've got a slope where the rain will run down and wash that stuff onto your lawn or other plants. Might not be a wise idea :-) I would just dump mulch onto them a couple of times a year and gently pull out what is really loose. It takes longer, but you are solving the poor soil problem that way too. In general I am not a fan of herbicides and pesticides since almost all problems they are used for can be sloved with better cultural practices or gardening techniques. I don't know if this would work for you, but if you want to add a lot of mulch right now, and have it stay put, you could place chicken wire or hardware cloth over the mulch (pin the chicken wire to the ground with stakes). A heavy rain might erode some of it, especially in the steeper parts, but it would help a bit at least. About your seeds you plan to use next spring - a word of caution. Seeds are a great way to fill up the slope quickly and without breaking the bank, but stay away from the generic 'wildflower' mixes you can get in Canadian Tire and places like that. They contain a lot of weedy seeds and very few seeds of plants you actually want to have growing there. Buy a good quality wildflower mix - it won't be that much more expensive and it'll be a major improvement over the cheaper stuff. Seeds can wash away fairly easily, so you might want to consider laying down some thin jute or burlap to sow them in or under (that protective burlap you get to wrap shrubs in the winter would work). Sow then as soon as the snow melts. Or you could wintersow them (or some of them) in containers and plant the resulting seedlings in your nooks and crannies. The Japanese Maple being shallow rooted might be a problem if you were planting it directly on the slope. Shallow rooted plants will have a harder time staying put on a slope, but if you build it a nice sized terrace, then it might be perfect. Select one that is hardier than would normally be necessary for your area because of the cold flowing downhill problem. You have a swampy lawn huh? That's a drainage problem. You have neighbours higher up the hill than you do? That's almost certainly where your water is coming from. Peat moss might mop up a bit of water, but I doubt it'd solve your problem. A permanent fix would be to regrade your lawn, but that's not cheap (or have your neighbour regrade his, but that's a lot to ask from a neighbour). You could also install a French drain type of thing to drain the water to a lower lying area or drain - that's cheaper, and a do-it-yourself project if you want, but still a lot of work. You could decide to grow a bog garden in that spot - irises, cannas, lots of neat grasses... I think your slope provides you with some really neat garden terrain - my 'fantasy garden' always has a nice terraced slope full of plants, but it is going to be more challenging than building 'ye olde generic bed'. BP

Actually, John, this is the latest theory here, at least in my neck of the woods - do NOT amend soil. It is better to top dress than to amend. I just attended a seminar through the San Diego Horticultural Society. One of the most renowned urban foresters in the country, Robin Rivet, happens to live in San Diego county. She spoke about how to correctly plant a tree, and did confirm this is the latest recommendations. UC Riverside also recommends the exact same thing, based on my class I just attended there, "Citrus in the Garden" taught by Tom Shea and Dr. Tracy Kahn. So, my information is coming from pretty substantial sources. Our chicken manure in bags is well cooked. Actually, your best, best manure is chicken, then horse, then cow. At least, this was the information I received at my Master Gardener's classes through Purdue University. Here's the info from Center for Urban Forestry: "Do not amend the soil. Adding soil amendments to the backfill is another discredited practice. Some bagged soil products advertise adding one bag (3 cu ft) per tree. The tree roots need to get into the native soil as soon as possible in order to encourage them to grow beyond the dug hole. Amended backfill soil, while encouraging of root growth for a short distance, stunts further growth." You can access this document here: http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/391-272.pdf So, this is the current thinking. It is new, John, and based on some recent research. So, sharing what I've learned recently from some very astute and well-experienced sources. So, perhaps the gurus in Texas might want to confer with the gurus in California! I think the logic prevails with planting in native soil. You can't possibly amend soil in a large enough hole to assure proper root growth. And, your amended soil will eventually revert to native soil, so that's a huge amount of effort that will not assure solid root growth. The thinking now is to try to replicate what nature does - provide good organic materials that support excellent microorganisms in the top soil by top dressing, that will percolate down to the feeder roots. It makes much more sense to me. I respect the folks in Texas, they're great and do a wonderful job with their citrus. But in this, I respectfully disagree with them :-) Patty S. And from UC Davis', "Questions and Answers to Citrus Management" by Tom Shea and Dr. Peggy Mauk: 2. When should I plant, how deep should I plant and how big a tree should I plant? The best planting time is after frost danger (after February 15 in the Riverside area) and before the onset of hot weather. Although fall planting can be successful it is generally better to wait until spring. Always choose a location that has full sun throughout the day. It is best to plant in well-drained soil (see Q. 3). Dig the planting hole as deep as the root ball and as wide or wider than the root ball. Be certain that the tree is not buried below the graft union. The graft union (slight dogleg shape in the trunk) should be located several inches above the soil level. Trees buried too deep may not survive. It is always best to fill the planting hole with the same soil that was removed when digging the hole. Do not add any mulch or potting soil into the tree hole. These materials retain more water and may increase the chances of root rot." I understand that the citrus gurus in Texas are great folks. But perhaps they might want to confer with the citrus gurus in California who are espousing an updated philosophy about amending versus top dressing. This is supported by some fairly significant research, John. If I can dig up the research, I'd be happy to send it to you. But I'm sticking to this. It just makes more sense to me, and the research backs this up. Patty s. Here is a link that might be useful: Center for Urban Forestry, San Diego County Trees: Proper Planting