Yes, thanks for your suggestion, I am familiar with what scale looks like. And I just got out the flashlight and magnifying glass again to examine one more time. The leaves look as is they have been misted with sugar syrup. Unless the scale is microscopic, I don't think they are there. I've examined the bark and leaf axils carefully. Since they (scale) don't move really fast I can't see how they could completely pepper some leaves and not others. I'm going to take her to the shower and see what happens over the next few days.

Congratulations, that's a beautiful tree! :) The second to the last picture (where you're showing the new growth) looks almost like scarring from citrus leaf miners. Look up pictures of CLM and see if it matches anything you see on the tree. Could be old, too, in which case, I wouldn't worry about it. New growth tends to be lighter in color but it looks almost like magnesium deficiency due to the christmas tree pattern. If you do decide to add magnesium, also consider adding calcium as they come as a pair and too much of one prevents the tree from using the other one. Try to get a good fertilizer with magnesium and calcium in addition to a good NPK ratio. I believe that everyone likes Dyna Gro here. The speckling on your leaves could also have come from spider mites. They look like tiny dark or red pinpoints that move. See anything like that on your tree? I'm still in the process of trying 511 myself but I've heard nothing but good things about it. It almost doesn't matter how damp or wet the soil is right after you water it. What matters the most is how fast the soil dries out. Its okay to be damp right after watering. If you use a water probe, wait until its just below 50% (debatable for all the experts out there, and I'm no expert) before watering. You should have to wait no longer than a week for your soil to need another thorough watering (in my opinion). I have no guesses as to what the tiny white bugs in your soil are but I googled springtail and the pictures that came up are simply horrifying. Good luck!

Sounds like leaf miner. We used to get it all the time on our lemon tree in Perth... along with aphids, scale and some disease which peels the bark. Despite being anti-chemical for many, many years, I am now a convert to carbaryl. This is a contact poison with no withholding period. I use it to combat cherry slug, which were killing my cherry trees. I also used it to get rid caterpillars which were eating the buds of my pernnials and roses. Go and ask at you local gardening shop - you will find there is a great range of organic sprays available now. Take in a leaf so they can see what you need the spray for.

From the photo, I can't tell what kind of insect it is because it is too small. Try hosing them off and then spray with neem oil. Repeat with neem weekly until you no longer see them. The leaves in the background look like they may have scale. Can you post a closeup of them?