The first problem is scab, which is a very common fungal disease on various varieties apples and pears. You need to spray for this, although it is not a serious problem as far as fruit development is concerned. The apple is still completely edible - it is just the skin/peel that is disfigured. But a severe infestation of scab, especially an annual recurring problem, can weaken the tree over time.

The second does indeed look like bird damage :-))

If you have apples with bugs or worms inside, it is very likely you have an infestation of apple maggots or apple codling moth. Unfortunately, there is nothing particularly effective or safe available for homeowners to spray to control these pests but there are various methods to limit the infestation including trapping, protecting the fruit (coverings) or using something like kaolin clay.

WSU publication - Controlling Apple Maggots.

UCDavis IPM publication - Codling Moth Management

This is in an orchard in Eastern Washington. Thanks for your inputs! The orchard had a lot of bug problems recently so I was helping them find a solution.

Brandon_the_random, so, does one submit the recommendations as one's own? Refer the client to the this thread? Present the client with "Extension Bulletin 1928"? and "Pest Notes: Codling Moth. UC ANR Publication 7412"? Offer to discuss these publications with the client?

I just advise my grandparents. It's actually a small family orchard that my grandparents own. I really like plants and so they ask me to find potential solutions for some of the problems. Nothing professional haha. They do sometimes ask University Professors and professionals, but it's a really small orchard so they don't do that too often.

Your taxes help pay for the research done at Washington State University and the Cooperative Extension Service that university, and others, have. Much of the information provided by the people at the CES offices is available for free, although some publications may have some cost. To not avail oneself of the knowledge available through this network is a waste of your money.

kimmq is kimmsr

You're right that WSU and CES is a great resource we have available and I'm aware that its free and accessible. Thanks for the suggestion. I do use them in addition to other sources such as Bugguide.net etc... I think it's also a great resource to ask the widely diverse community here at Gardenwebs for their opinions and experiences especially for diverse and evolving topics like IPM where I could maybe learn something I didn't know and combine it with something else, so I often do both. I'm also not professionally trained or especially knowledgeable with commercial pests and diseases, so the Gardenwebs IPM section is a great help. I'm more of a backyard gardener lol.