You probably don't NEED any of that. If you have recessed lighting all over your kitchen you probably have plenty of light. We have some friends who have a lovely large kitchen and I've never seen any lights on there except recessed cans. They have no shortage of light. I personally don't care to have all that overhead light on every time I'm in my kitchen - in fact I have no recessed cans and never turn on the one ceiling light in my kitchen. I prefer a "cozier" feel that I don't feel when I have ceiling lights on - in any room including the kitchen. I use under cabinet lighting and pendants over island nearly all the time. If the room is fully lighted with the recessed cans - which may very well be - then the rest is probably more of a nice to have if you want to have options for different levels of light and "ambiance" in your kitchen.

You center the top that attaches to the ceiling over the center of your table. BTW those Edison bulbs are close to useless for lighting the lowest light is hung so that it is 30" from the table top in this case the two heads one globe on cylinder IMO the center one does not matter it will automatically be right.

When all the samples were paired prior to install they looked great together. I wanted a white tile backsplash to add a layer of texture vs. colour. I had about 20 different white tiles and they were all bright white or warm white. So I opted for a multi tonal tile so it would pull all tones of white/grey. Unfortunately, the backsplash is so cool and the cabinets are so warm it has made the tone difference look a lot greater than it should. I have full sun on the cabinets from 11:00 am until sun down every day so its a lot. We rarely need to turn any lights until winter when the sun sets earlier. I know the sun is a huge culprit. I have having built ins installed in my living room which is directly across from the kitchen (so I would have to paint them the same as the kitchen white). The entire back wall of my house is windows so I know I’ll have the same issue there. This is why I need to have the cabinets sorted before because it will drive me crazy to see yellow everywhere.

I think it depends on the light fixture. I do see a lot of pairs of large pendants over islands and they look amazing. It's hard to tell from this picture, but these pendants don't appear to line up with anything on the sink wall. In our remodel, we installed three smaller pendants because I have a large fixture over our kitchen table adjacent to the kitchen (behind me in this picture). We have a similar issue as the OP--the pendants line up with our range hood but not the windows around the sink. I agree though that as long as they're centered on the island, it won't matter about the side windows. But another important thing is to look at *all* your lighting in that room so it works together. I worry that a statement light over the island would detract from your range and hood, which I assume is meant to be a feature.