Score the line between the tape and the wall with a sharp utility knife before you pull the tape. You have to break that seal at that edge or you will always have this problem. It's not because there is something wrong with the way the walls were painted.

Yes, dust is a BIG hindrance to primer & paint adhesion...
BUT it didn't necessarily cause this "peel-off".

The "bridgeing"-bond between paint-film and the tape must be broken (by scoring) as PG says.

Here's the REAL key...
* The bond between the paint AND THE WALL slowly increases over days/weeks, as the Latex film cures-out.
* The surface-bond that bridges onto the tape happens fairly quick.
* Sooooo, because the bonding to the WALL happens slowly relative to the "surface bond TO TAPE", the new paint is very vulnerable to peeling off.

>>> Next time you paint...
* Wash the wall first (preferably POWDERED Dirtex...usually doesn't need rinsing).
* Do wall repairs/feather-sanding/texture-matching.
* Remove ALL dust from patched areas. You're setting the stage for adhesion issues (whether now or near future!) if ya don't.
* Brush a hazy coat of primer on repairs. Then, ideally prime the whole wall, if it's older paint or a big color-change.

Faron