You might want to consider other factors. For the design beyond what your photo shows of the patio and overhead deck. . Among them would be the views from the house out to the neighbors and also down to the garden, where you might want screening versus not blocking views, whether you'd actually prefer some tree height and shading up closer to the deck or prefer it more open, whether that patio is large enough for how you intend to use it or should be expanded, etc. Just proposing some plantings for the limited View you've posted doesn't address any of these larger issues. More photos from different viewpoints within the yard, from the deck looking out and down, and views from inside the house looking out would help give a better idea of the context. My first impression is one of being totally exposed while on that deck, no shade and no interest or potential focus within the existing bare garden.

Sounds like garden is a triangle so 3 nice cute signs 1 in center of each side of triangle(near walkways) saying something like "Please use the sidewalk! Garden project!" Need people to come up with cute sayings for the signs that get the point across & signs should be about 4 ft high so would be seen in winter. Paint some herbs on signs & garden hand tools, something to get the point across. Marigolds might be nice around edges or maybe snapdragons or something that doesn't get too full or shade the herbs too much as the border would "define" the garden. Some places out here have a narrow hedge about 18 in. tall & 12 in wide but it has to be constantly trimmed so that would not work. The 3 signs should be permanent & high enough so not covered with snow all the time. Steel pole & maybe sheet metal painted sign or something recycled as that would be even better needs to be sturdy. Might need to be cemented in. I think a little fence would be getting knocked over or bent or stepped on shoving it into the herbs & finishing them off. Too bad there isn't a place in back that could be fenced in. What kind of herbs are they,maybe 1 of them planted around edge. Jan

As the bed is quite tight to the house, shrubs will need to hang over the front of the wall in order to have room enough to develop a proper size. Hanging over will look fine, though. At the left corner, a groundcover or low trailing shrub could look nice. Below the windows the shrubs should be something easy to keep at 3' ht. The heavenly bamboo is not going to look nice below the window. It would be best if you find another location for it where it could grow to natural size. It would be better to have dome shaped shrubs below the windows. Seasonal color could go at either side of the stoop and whatever you have growing at the right side now could be used to fill in the leftover spaces.

For privacy in 5B, I've done a mix of arborvitae and privet, strategically placing the evergreens where privacy is needed year round. Specimens or anchors with spruces. For 15'ish high used "Techny/Mission" arborvitae, but "Emerald Green" is popular and sold everywhere. "Fat Albert" blue spruce. "Cheyenne" privet (seems hardier with long cold spells). Higher than that then "Green Giant" arborvitae and "Columnar" spruces.