How do people come up with things like “camel and brown are out”? Nonsense. No color is “out”. If you want the sofa in the second photo, go for it. You can go lighter with the rug like this one from Surya. or this kilim rug from Wayfair Either or would allow you to change up accent colors easily. Love a clay red with camel tones.

I think a black velvet sectional sounds nice. Is there a television on the fourth wall that isn't pictured? or what does the couch currently face? Also, a nice area rug could be way to disguise the carpet and ground the space!

I have a deep blue Persian rug with an ivory couch and tan occasional chairs, which I find is a good balance of light and dark. If you like the idea of a light couch, just add lovely cushions that work with rug/blue chair to pull the room together. Don’t know the style of couch you like, but room below gives an idea of the combination. Just imagine with your rug. If you don’t like that look, suggest a light grey and tan combination for a more relaxed feel.

Almost anything goes with white walls. I think the problem is you don't really know which style you want. You named three in your question. It's not so important to be able to name it, but having some inspiration pictures so that you can convey the look you're after would help. If you haven't already, take some time to compile one or more Ideabooks on Houzz (I do one for each room). Just start saving pictures of rooms you like and indicate what you like about each room in the comment field. After a while some commonalities should start becoming apparent. If not, if you're still all over the place, understand that sometimes one house or one room can't hold all of your good ideas. You will have a more pleasing, coherent end result if you refine your taste. Save some ideas for the next house, or the next time you redecorate. :-) What makes professional decorators'/designers' rooms stand out from non-professionals is the discipline required to achieve an intentional look.