Bamboo would work fine for your purpose, but you don't grow it from seed, usually, so you have to buy divisions, and whole plants can be expensive on the scale you are talking about. A bamboo 6' high in a 5-gallon pot would probably be about $40. If you want bamboo that you don't have to maintain, then you would go with clumping bamboo, which is not invasive. Contrary to what the previous poster said, bamboo does not invade pipes or break through concrete, and this applies to all kinds of bamboo, both clumping and running. If you have clumping, you don't need any kind of barrier. If you have running and don't want it to be invasive, you need to install bamboo barrier in a trench about 24" deep. Bamboo barrier is a specialty, high-density plastic that is usually 60 to 80 mils thick. Anything less than that, such as black plastic sheeting, will be about as effective as tissue paper.

None of those do well in even part shade - Nikko Fir would be the best, but it needs clear headroom with at most only side shade, not overhead. Taxus, Torreya, or Cephalotaxus would be your best bet. Resin

What about a fence with slats or let a climber go through the chainlink? Kerria is slow growing for me and in a year has only grown a few feet. Perhaps a native tree or shrub would grow faster. I'm from the west coast, so have no suggestions. Red twig dogwood is a fast grower, but twiggy and bare in winter. Starts easily from hardwood cuttings. Variegated elderberry is a nice accent, too. Suggest if you create a hedge make it a mixed hedge. That way if one plant dies you can replace with anything you desire. A uniform hedge is always a lot more work to maintain and the odd spot out is a frustration. I've read a suggestion is to insert a pole with a birdhouse or leave the dead trunk and plant a climber 12" away to go up it. Hope that helps

You don't have to be afraid of bamboo :-) Many people are uninformed about this plant, have no idea about the many different varieties and that it comes in two forms - running (which can take over the planet and does need a containment system) and clumping. Clumping bamboo does not grow in the same manner as running bamboo and is very well behaved.......the clump just gradually increases in its spread over time like a large ornamental grass does. No travelling vast distances underground and popping up in your neighbor's garden!! Or under your foundation! It has zero invasive tendencies. And clumping bamboos tend to be some of the most cold hardy varieties, with several species rated for zone 5 gardens. They make excellent screening plants with a narrow profile and grow to height rapidly......much faster than a tree or shrub. Unfortunately, the best and most cold hardy varieties would prefer to be sited in more shade in more interior, continental locations, only tolerating a lot of sun here on the west coast. Not sure how well it would work in the OP's garden but it might be worth considering. Cold Hardy Clumping Bamboo The giant timber bamboo Flo referred to, Bambusa oldhamii, is a very popular form of clumping bamboo but it is restricted to warmer climates. But many of the Fargesia species referred to in my link will grow and thrive in cold winter climates, provided they are sited well and given the conditions they need.