Generally, the growth cycle for my foxgloves were to produce foliage and roots the first year, flower the second year, then some of them would return a third year to bloom again. Since they are not reliable for the third year, texts do not generally give that information. The third year's bloom stalks would generally be shorter, but produce several at once. During the second year, the first stalk would usually be single and tall. If the tall stalk was cut back after bloom, several shorter side stalks would form and bloom. It may be that a long growing season would allow time for this, and in a very short season location, perhaps not.
Your plant may bloom again. If it gets some shock from being planted, the change in conditions etc., it may sit until next year. Or it may decide it is done and wither. Hard to say. Sometimes nursery stock is pushed hard to grow to market size, plus they are in a root confined growing condition, so they may be more likely to not be strong enough to bloom another year. You may find that plants put out into your garden at a young age, or started from seed and not disturbed, will be more likely to live longer.
If stalks are left on the plant after bloom, the seed will disperse and you would often get seedlings popping around the garden. [Count on them choosing the most inconvenient of locations, such as between stones in the middle of the walkway. lol] In my garden, they would be found the next spring and that would be their first year of growth.
Now there is a relatively newer foxglove, Foxy, that has been bred to bloom in the first year/season. The rules may be different for that one. I have not grown it in my garden, so I cannot say.
Q
https://www.houzz.com/discussions/perennials
Q