I've never heard that Solar Shades are to be used on the exterior only and I've seen plenty of use on double pane windows within the house. If a shade had an insulating effect and was sealed along the edges or had sealed side tracks, then that would not be safe to use with double pane. Solar screens are just that.....screens. They go outside the window just as any other type of screen is used. Roller shades can be decorative lightweight window coverings, but the term 'roller' is also used for the Solar Shades since they are usually on some type of roller system. It sounds like Solar Shades will fit your need. Here is a link that might be useful: Interior Shades

Did you see these ? I was looking at the mosquito curtains and they have a clear for winter protection -looks interesting I included the link. Piaa http://www.mosquitocurtains.com/1-footer-mosquito-netting-screen-patio-porch/Clear-vinyl-plastic.html Here is a link that might be useful: Winter Patio Protection

For privacy I think that the lattice suggestion is better than just a vine. Though Betty Corning covers the end of my deck which is ten feet wide it takes awhile to get to that growth and dies back at the end of fall. I like BC as it also has almost continuous bloom starting midsummer. Some people detect a faint aroma on their plants though I do not on mine. July 2016 BC in part shade--looks more impressive in real life. Two or three other less vigorous clematis also could like nice. These grow on one section of the 25' length of my deck. Hagley grows well on my north facing wall which is bright shade.

Roller shades that slide in tracks can be almost completely sealed, providing good insulation because the air doesn't circulate. They are used in unusual situations where near total blackout is needed. This is probably not an installation option for patio doors, but you could ask a pro who deals with high end custom shades. They would not insulate the gaps between doors and doorframes.