Can you post a pic of both the sink and the cabinet it's going into?

Sure! Both pics are uploaded here - I understand the cutting into the upper panel issue on the cabinet but that happens whether the sink is 33” or 36”

Reagan:

I've run a successful sink replacement business for several years and can tell you that you're going about this backwards. Unless you're changing your countertops or cabinets, the existing sink cutout and top material dictates the parameters for the new sink. You can't fall in love until I tell you whom you may date.

You haven't said what your countertops are made of, but they appear to be plastic laminate. If so, your apron front sink selection would be limited to a Kohler 3942:

You've pictured a full apron sink which requires a full apron cabinet. Without altering your doors, cost effectiveness requires you to select a short apron sink. If you like white, I'd suggest a Kohler Whitehaven or an Elkay Quartz Luxe, however, neither of these will work if the top is plastic laminate. They will work if your top is stone or estone and you have a matching remnant that can be seamed in the rear. If you're replacing your countertops either will work.

The Whitehaven pictured above is available in a 32 1/2" short apron, however, since you're keeping your cabinet, your drawer fronts will have to be trimmed and reinstalled to butt against the apron ends. This doesn't look bad on a 36" sink, but may look funny on anything shorter:

Thank you for the advice, very helpful. That said, yes, already planning on replacing the countertops with something that works (concrete perhaps if you have thoughts on this?), so this don’t play into the equation. I did even suggest replacing the cabinet. What I don’t understand is why he feels the current cabinet works for the 36” sink but not 33” sink if NEITHER fits correctly into the 42” existing cabinet.

I really appreciate all the advice. Since the other issue is that it seems most sinks are 33” or less, I feel like replacing the cabinet is the way to go. Or scrap the project and go on a nice vacation :)

The 42" width is only one issue ( although not a huge deal ) . the bigger issue as mentioned above is the height of the sink. It looks to be a bit taller than the dummy drawer fronts on your existing cabinet. This poses a problem for the doors. Just replacing the cabinet will be a problem as well. Depending on the age of the cabinets, a new one will never match. Plus you will just wind up with fillers on each side to fill the space.

I believe that @Joseph Corlett, LLC may have a picture of a farm sink cut into the drawer fronts of a wider sink base to help visualize.

Good luck

"Concrete perhaps if you have thoughts on this?"

Concrete is good for sidewalks; countertops not so much. Too porous.

"What I don’t understand is why he feels the current cabinet works for the 36” sink but not 33” sink if NEITHER fits correctly into the 42” existing cabinet."

The 36" sink pictured above is in a 39" cabinet, making the false returned drawers 1 1/2" on each side. If you do a 33" sink in a 42" cabinet the false drawers will be about 3 1/2" each.

if NEITHER fits correctly into the 42” existing cabinet."

That is big 'DO NOT HIRE' sign hanging around the dude's neck.

No concrete countertops unless you want to be a slave to them. You can find the same appearance with quartz designed to look like concrete.

BTW you considering top of price point items for your kitchen. Are you sure the design of your kitchen supports this selection?

Nothing worse than purchasing Rolls Royce accessories and installing them in a Chevy. It will make everything around it look wrong.

Lots of good comments here to consider - thanks everyone!