Look at the Fargesia species. These are very cold hardy (zone 5) clumping bamboos that are well suited to being gown in a container. Most grow to heights in the range of 10-15 feet but container culture tends to keep the height somewhat shorter.

I have used containerized bamboo privacy screens for various clients and some of the best containers for this purpose are galvanized metal stock tanks. They are easily found at farm supply or feed stores, come in a vast range of sizes and shapes and last a long time. I'd look for one with a 6' length, 2' width and a 12-24" depth. You will need to add drain holes.

Like anything grown long term in a container, you will need to periodically lift, divide or root prune the bamboo and refresh the potting soil. It will also need fertilizing now and again and you will need to pay close attention to the watering. It can't be allowed to dry out.

I agree with gardengal on Fargesia. I disagree on using stock tanks. Unless you remember to divide the plants every couple of years, you will at some point find the bamboo is tightly locked into the tank: it will be impossible to dig out without destroying the plant and/or the tank, and if you don't do it, the plant will eventually die and you will have a container with dead plants that weighs hundreds of pounds to deal with. It's also not that easy to divide plants that have been planted in such a container even if you do it regularly. So here is my advice which will save you a lot of grief. Choose a decorative container of whatever size you want, but plant the bamboo in the largest black plastic utility pots that can fit in the decorative container. At some point, when the plants start to become rootbound, simply lift the plastic pots out, unpot the bamboo, divide them, and re-pot them. This will be immeasurably easier than directly planting in a container. Trust me on this. I've had to help out more than one friend who planted bamboo directly in a large container and the end result was not a happy one.