The height of a shower rod relative to the position of a tub is largely a matter of use and desired effect. Some shower curtains extend almost entirely to the floor while others drop just below the rim of an attractive claw foot tub. What is certain is the shower curtain liner needs to hang down into the tub below its rim so water does not splash onto the floor. Hanging a Shower Rod Shower curtains are commonly 6 feet in length from top to bottom. They are made longer as well. For custom bathtub designs, their length can vary greatly. If you are installing the shower rod anew and need to know where to hang it, the first thing to do is measure the length of the liner. If it is 6 feet long, figure that it should hang below the rim of the tub at least 5 inches. That means the rod should be placed 5 feet 7 inches from the top of the tub. However, consider the difference between the rod placement and where the liner attaches to the curtain rings. If the liner dangles 2 inches below the rod, you can add that to the height of the rod, placing it 5 feet 9 inches above the tub. The curtain also requires some consideration. It should not drag along the floor; rather, it should be at least 2 inches above it when hanging. If you want to showcase a claw foot tub, hang the curtain just a few inches below the rim of the tub. Here is a link that might be useful: shower rods

I would either hang some shades inside the windows or put the rod above the top window trim and wider than the side trims. Those windows & window trim look really nice so why not allow them to be seen. I'd personally go shades inside the window frames. You get privacy, block that view of siding and old fence, and still get to see those nice looking trimmed windows.

I agree with all of the advice about hanging your drapes above the transom. Also make sure you hang them wide enough so that they stack off the windows when they are opened. Your drape should hang over the glass a couple of inches so most drapes stack about 11 inches wide when they’re open. You can buy wands that attach to the drape at the inside top for opening and closing so your little darlings won’t put their paws on your fabric. LOL. So glad you asked for advice before you put them too low and too narrow

It can be anywhere from 2" above the trim to the ceiling. It's preference, but I like it about halfway. Will the curtains be custom or readymade? If custom, mount the rod before you measure for curtains. If readymade, the length of the curtains may dictate where the rod needs to go. You don't want them more than 1/2" from the floor, preferably 1/4". Curtains should not reveal the side trim and in fact should be at least an inch into the glass, otherwise they look like wall panels rather than window curtains IMO. I know some may like this look but I find it odd looking.