No matter what mix it's in it doesn't change a plants cultivate. It's an Echerveria of some type and would agree that it's a very special and might be a rather unique cultivate too. Perhaps it's Echerveria Sub.Sp A little overpotted Cv. Wont fair well in mud ?

Ok, a few issues could come up, but instead of overwhelming you with slippery slope scenarios, i'd suggest you use the search function on this site & look up 'what's wrong with my succulent'. There'll be pictures, suggestions & tons of answers to questions you'll have if anything goes sideways. In short, i would plan to unpot & re-pot in rocky soil-less potting medium, OR potting mix with very high perlite component. Watch for etiolation or signs of rot due to not enough light and or potting medium possibly holding too much water. After covering all of that, if any weirdness happens, there are lots of helpful folks hanging about who are happy to help =D Edited for derp...typos :)

The pot isn't really too small (could repot into just a bit bigger), but the plant sits too low inside of it - needs more 'soil'. All succulents (regardless the name) need good drainage, plenty of light and good air circulation. You could grow it inside, but need to give it as much light as possible, most of the times there isn't sufficient light for succulents (they will live & grow, but likely will etiolate because of not enough light). I believe that's original soil - it will be best to repot into much better draining potting mix. I see some yellowing leaves & that could be sign of waterlogging, & may cause rotting. Rosette type succulents grow leaves from the center. It could be one of the Echeveria agavoides.

Graptosedum Francesco Baldi?