You need to get a curtain rod bracket. Home Depot has them for 47 cents each. Here is a link that might be useful: Single Curtain Rod Bracket

I have had the same situation in one home, reluctant to drill into the doors but, it had to be done so I put some nice rods on them. In the last place we built I had no neighbors behind me for miles and I didnt need blinds or curtains in the public rooms so they were left alone so we could see the beautiful old oaks. If not for that I wouldnt have hesitated to install sheers again. If you need privacy and want curtains you will have to drill holes, just get some nice rods that will compliment the decor. I have installed the small orb toned rods and it looked really nice bc the door handles were the same. Your other option is to hang curtains over the door and extend to just past the door so they are mounted to the wall and pull over the doors for privacy, but thats a pain when you need to get to the door you need to pull the curtains away. Or you could frost the glass for privacy but installing rods for permanent sheers is a better option, top and bottom rods, and theres some beautiful ones out there. I think you will have to bite the bullet and drill if the magnetic rods wont work. The rods if chosen to your liking can compliment the doors and curtains or some can be covered by the curtain so they are not even visible. Heres some pics of styles of curtains on a site I saved because we may be replacing a window with a french door in a bedroom. Here is a link that might be useful: french door styles and curtains

I would post this in the home decorating forum, this is about the nuts and bolts of windows and doors not decorating finishes.

Use a traverse rod with carriers and. hooks. You don't need one with a pulley, you can get one with a wand for opening and closing.