This may not be for everybody but Central Carolina Community College in Pittsboro, NC has a sustainable agriculture degree program. One of the teachers, Harvey Harman has a permaculture based farm and is an awesome teacher. He teaches the class every spring (entire semester course) and then in the fall there is a companion class which is a practicum type class. When you finish both courses successfully you get a Permaculture design certificate. Lots of folks actually relocate here for the sustainable ag program (2 year assoc. degree or certificate program) and we have taken lots of courses there. The wealth of permaculture and organic knowledge in this area is absolutely incredible. This semester there is a sustainable farms course, sust. livestock management course, spring organic gardening course (market scale), grey water landscaping design course, and on and on. There is a 'land lab' where they maintain an organic garden, have a greenhouse, start seedlings, compost, work on biodiesel with the biodiesel folks who have a huge program and teach class. If anybody is ready for a change, even temporary, and wants this incredible opportunity, check out CCCC. We also have an arts incubator with a degree program in sculpture- amazing program as well. Tuition is really cheap too! I think I paid $110 or so for the semester permaculture course. Here is a link that might be useful: Central Carolina Community College

I am also looking into books on permaculture. I saw an artlice in Organic Gardening a few years ago on a family that utilized permaculture. Unfortunately it didn't have any references on where to find information on this topic. This family incorporated a chicken coop into the design for their greenhouse for heat generation. The family also discussed the need for a wild area outside of your growing areas. I was thinking of purchasing Gaia's Garden, but didn't know if it covered these types of topics. Also, I will be incorporating this into a few acres of property hopefully, if I can ever find the right property. Thanks, Sharon

OT: I'm still trying to figure out the difference between "permaculture" and "homesteading." I thought I had it until I visited this forum. It seems that many people use these terms somewhat interchangably to describe 'self-sufficiency' and 'living off the land' (this was what I thought homesteading meant). My understanding was that Permaculture was a style or method of farming/gardening/growing your own food. I was defining permaculture, in my own head, as a symbiosis or synergistic way of "growing" food (both plant and animal). Is this incorrect? Homesteading and Permaculture practices certainly seem to intersect, but my thinking was that they had two different motives or goals that drove their philosophy? Back to the topic: I think your topic of conversation is a good one, and is very important for those of us that 'dream' of a self-sustaining way of life. When people 'dream' of just about anything, they tend to think about only the good/fun/easy things that interest them and tend to forget or -simply not know of- the difficulties inherent in making that dream a reality. In a dream of this magnitute (moving back to the land-homesteading?), costs MUST be one of the primary considerations. All residences, regardless of grandure or simplicity, will need repairs: roofs leak and need repair and eventually replacement, plumbing problems occur and need repair or updating, storms break tree branches that fall on your house or automobile, termites, rats, roaches, or bacteria/fungi come to call and eat your home/food stocks/seeds/plants. The need for money is inevitable, in my opinion. I finally bought a house, so I'm one step closer to self-sufficiency. It's a fixer-upper with a low mortgage that I am paying down as quickly as I can, but I've done little but shell out money for repairs since we moved in (almost two years ago). We are pretty handy, but we have no electrical or plumbing experience so that expertise had to be paid for. Even if you are a jack-of-all-trades, there are still the costs of repair supplies and materials, so I just don't see how anyone could hope to sustain themselves and their property with no money (not even mentioning property taxes). Someone said, earlier in this thread, that money was a substitute for having friends. I agree that having friends to help out certainly reduces the need for money, but as someone else pointed out, you can go too far with this and make your friends feel resentful. I agree with the poster who said that if I need to borrow a tool more than three times a year, I need to buy it for myself (and I wish my neighbors agreed with it too). How many times have you had a tool not returned or returned damaged, and had to shell out money to replace it? One of my biggest concerns with permaculture/homesteading(?) has to do with money. "What happens when I get too old or infirm/injured/pain-ridden to do all the things needed to sustain myself?" Surely people think about this when they 'dream' of going back to the land, don't they? What will you do when you can no longer climb on the roof to repair it yourself, cut down trees and chop wood to heat your home, or garden and can/put-up your produce when it all comes ready to harvest at the same time? Do people just work until they build-up a nest egg large enough to sustain them in the event of injury/old age? Seems like they don't, because many, many people are doing this at a young age, and unless all of them are making extremely high wages it's just not likely that they've all saved enough both for inevitable repairs AND infirmity as well as supporting themselves as they save. What do you do about medical insurance? Do you just figure you will stay healthy because you have gone 'back-to-nature' and you're eating home-grown foods? Do you just close your eyes and pray that you won't get sick or diseased, then push it from your mind? What do you do about clothes? I'm a frugal person and don't have expensive needs/tastes, but I will not even consider making my own underwear or socks. Making them would involve entirely too much time, skill, and materials when I can go to the local Walmart and buy a 6-pack of Hanes underwear for around $6, and a 6-pack of socks for about the same price. Even the most thrifty person has to have new underwear and socks once in a while...and you need money for that (whether you make your own or buy them). And what about shampoo, dish washing/clothes detergent, deodorant, analgesics (ibuprofen, acetaminophen, aspirin), antibiotic ointment, alcohol, peroxide, vinegar, toilet paper, bandaids, tampons, cold/alergy medicines, tea, coffee, sugar, flour, etc? Some of these things can be fashioned out of on-hand materials, but most are cost prohibitive to make ourselves. I mean no disrespect to anyone, nor am I trying to be flippant about this issue. I just don't see how anyone can NOT plan on needing money, and not just start-up money, because there are some things that will be needed that CAN'T be bartered for (Doctors, Lowes, Home Depot, and Walmart won't barter with you ... they want cash or credit) When I read that people expect to live with no money, I wonder what they are really thinking/dreaming about. Are they really interested in SELF-sefficiency or are they expecting to have an extended family of friends, neighbors and the community do for them what/when they cannot? Maybe someone should let the friends and neighbors in on this plan?

The E27 is essentially interchangeable with our Edison/medium base, the base on the soon-to-be-gone 60 watt A19 incandescent lamp-- often erroneously called a "light bulb". Water/dust tight? Not sure that such a product exists for that socket as the socket itself does not have those properties.