Hi & welcome to Gardenweb. So sorry about your loss. Your plant is an Aglaonema, a very nice one! It looks like there's probably at least 5 individual plants in there. They don't mind being separated. It will need to stay inside whenever it's cold outside. Frost will kill the leaves, possibly the whole plant if the roots get frozen too. These plants are happiest if they can dry between waterings. Too much sun can burn the leaves, I would put it where it might get a couple hours of early morning or late evening sun if putting it outside. Rotating it halfway, a couple times a week, will keep it round and even-looking.

Based on what you've posted, the first one does look like winged sumac. Second looks like it could be Mulberry weed. It would have tiny flowers in the leaf axils along the stem. Third one looks like black cherry. Fourth one is non-native aggressive shrub called Elaeagnus. Fifth one looks like a hollyhock seedling.

Well, the first one is black nightshade, a common enough weed, particularly problematic in soybean fields where it is difficult to control with Roundup due to its late germination and rapid maturity.

Some sort of mimosa (pudica?)...