No reason to pull cabinet out unless the kitchen is designed that way and there's enough clearance in the aisle. But the 19.5" deep sink needs to be set back from the front of the cabinet. Usually that's 1.5" though it can vary. So you have 23.50 to the back. When you subtract 19.5 from that you get 4". But the faucet is measured from the CENTER of the stem. And there are 2 measurements to consider. 1 is the thickness of the stem itself. The second is the clearance needed to the backsplash (don't forget to add thickness on the wall for tile!!) but is that for operation of the faucet? Best to post specs to be sure. The sink will fit. The faucet will fit on center. But half of 4 = 2 so if the faucet is centered and it needs a full 2.5 clearance in back to operate, you are likely 1/2-inch shy. Then you'd need to check to see if the cabinet will be constructed so the sink can be pulled forward to 1" from the front to provide more space in back. Also, what that will do in terms of the countertop in front. Some have an overhang and some are flush. They don't like to make those too thin it it's stone. They may need 1-1/2" But to be absolutely sure, please post pdf of the faucet download -- and best to post the sink download as well since there's been no mention of faucet spout length or position of the sink drain.

How low are the bay windows? If you could get your social seating there with a little table, it would be really nice. If you can get rid of the seating on the island, or at least on the end, I could sort of see it working (once you put some numbers on the paper of course!). I would perhaps make it deeper so that I could prep on the end if needed. So I guess to answer the square or rectangular question, I'd say square until you run out of reasonable space that direction and rectangular until you impose on walkways the other. Where will dishes go? I like them near the DW because it gets unloaded more often if they are. My inlaws have a sink in an island that's around 6 ft wide. Dishwasher, double sink, then 24" drawer base. It's all encapsulated by a ledge on 3 sides to block spills. they always have a dish rack on the side with the DW and prep on the other side. Drives me bonkers. Huge kitchen, tiny island. But they don't HAVE to prep there. I don't prep next to a sink. (My floor does get wet though!) So, what's surrounding the dining room? How nuts to try to put the kitchen in that area? A bay window is awkward in a small kitchen but perfect in any dining room... That sink and sink cab are unusual in that they are custom made for each other and take advantage of the space perfectly, so if that sink is good enough for you, then yup, 24" is going to be fine!

For length, if you want a full sized 33" sink, then thats 24" for a DW, a 36" sink base, and at least 18" on the other side for a trash pullout. Now, if you want your prep zone beside the sink because you don't have a prep sink, then that's 36" to one side of the sink. The rule for combining zones is that you take the large dimension for the the double zone and then add 12" That means that you'd need 48" on the prep side of the sink if that's the only sink in the kitchen. So, 24" for the DW, then 36" for the sink, and 48" for the prep zone. That's your 9' island. Now for depth. You want at least 9" of clearance on the other side of your cleanup zone for safety's sake. That could be a (useless) 9" overhang or 9" bookshelves on the other side. But if you're using stock cabinets, the easiest thing is to use a 12" deep wall cabinet on a built up base on the other side. That gives you 36" in depth. Add in countertop overhangs of course.

without the integrated drain board I would probably install the 60 sink base. Beneath you will have space to store a fold away drain board and / or a few other items. i Don’t know who is providing the cabinetry but request no center stile if it is 2 door base cabinet. A single door can be better but does have that wider swing . Just depends.